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Content Externalism collects books that explore the idea that the contents of our thoughts and the meanings of our words are not fixed solely by what’s “in the head,” but depend on factors in the world and in our social-linguistic environment. Works in this category examine classic arguments (e.g., Twin Earth, “arthritis” cases), debates over internalism vs. externalism and narrow vs. wide content, and implications for self-knowledge, reference, skepticism, mental causation, and natural kinds. It includes both foundational texts and contemporary research spanning philosophy of mind and language, cognitive science, and epistemology, as well as related approaches such as social externalism, teleosemantics, and the extended mind.

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