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“Underdetermination” as a book category gathers works—across nonfiction and fiction—that confront the problem of evidence not uniquely fixing a single conclusion. These books examine how limited, ambiguous, or theory-laden data can support multiple, competing explanations, and how we nonetheless choose among them. On the nonfiction side, expect philosophy of science, epistemology, methodology, and statistics that probe the Duhem–Quine thesis, model pluralism, and decision-making under uncertainty. On the fiction side, look for unreliable narrators, open-ended mysteries, legal and historical investigations with irresolvable records, and speculative tales that sustain equally plausible truths. The throughline is a fascination with ambiguity and inference: how narratives, norms, values, and pragmatics step in when facts alone won’t decide.

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