This list of books are ONLY the books that have been ranked on the lists that are aggregated on this site. This is not a comprehensive list of all books by this author.

1. 1. Slavery As An Industrial System

   Ethnological Researches

   

   This comparative study examines slavery as an economic institution shaped by material conditions, arguing it tends to arise where land is abundant and labor is scarce and recedes when those conditions reverse. Surveying ethnological and historical cases, it analyzes the costs of coercion and supervision, the supply of enslaved labor through warfare and capture, and the relative efficiency of slave versus free labor. It explains shifts to serfdom or wage labor as pragmatic adaptations to changing economic incentives rather than moral progress.

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