Jules Mazarin

Italian-born French cardinal, diplomat, and statesman; chief minister to Queen Regent Anne of Austria and Louis XIV after Richelieu. He guided France through the end of the Thirty Years' War and the Fronde, helped conclude the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), and was a notable patron of arts and learning, leaving a major library and endowing the College of the Four Nations.