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1. 1. Capoeira

   The History of an Afro-Brazilian Martial Art

   

   A rigorous historical study tracing capoeira’s origins in African combat and ritual practices brought to Brazil by enslaved people and its evolution in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Bahia; using police records, newspapers, and oral traditions it reconstructs how capoeira was criminalized, policed, and associated with urban marginality while serving as a form of social resistance and community identity; it also examines the central musical and performative elements—the roda, berimbau, and call-and-response singing—and shows how shifting racial politics, modernization, and nationalist projects transformed capoeira from an outlaw practice into a codified cultural symbol and diverse contemporary art form.

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