Michael Polanyi
Hungarian-British physical chemist and philosopher of science (born Mihály Pollacsek), known for contributions to chemical kinetics and for developing the concept of tacit knowledge and critiques of positivism.
Books
This list of books are ONLY the books that have been ranked on the lists that are aggregated on this site. This is not a comprehensive list of all books by this author.
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1. Personal Knowledge
Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy
Argues that knowledge is not a purely impersonal, formal product but always involves a tacit, personal dimension: practitioners rely on skills, judgment, and intellectual passion—‘we know more than we can tell’—to perceive and articulate facts. Scientific knowing is portrayed as an exercise of personal commitment and fiduciary trust within traditions and communities, where subsidiary awareness and focal attention (indwelling) enable discovery and explanation. The work critiques strict positivist objectivism and shows how objective knowledge emerges through the interplay of subjective judgment, communal standards, and disciplined practice.
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2. Society, Economics, And Philosophy
A compact collection of essays arguing that economic life and social order depend on decentralized, spontaneous coordination rather than centralized planning; it defends a liberal social framework in which personal knowledge, tradition, and moral obligations underpin markets and professions, critiques technocratic and scientistic attempts to redesign society, and stresses that freedom, responsibility, and enduring institutions are necessary preconditions for a prosperous and humane social order.
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4. Knowing And Being
Essays
The book argues that knowing is a personal, active, and tacit process rather than a detached, purely objective representation: we come to understand the world by “indwelling” tools, skills, and traditions, attending focally to particulars while subsidiarily relying on tacit knowledge and fiduciary commitments. It critiques positivist and reductionist accounts of science, develops the logic of tacit inference, and stresses the essential role of personal judgment, community, and tradition in discovery. At the same time it links epistemology to ontology, maintaining that reality is stratified and emergent and that human participation discloses aspects of being that cannot be captured by explicit rules alone.
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5. Meaning
Argues that human knowing is essentially personal and tacit rather than wholly explicit or mechanistic, claiming that meaning arises through a participatory process of "indwelling" in which subsidiary and focal awareness are integrated; it defends the reality and necessity of belief, tradition, and fiduciary commitments for scientific discovery and intellectual life, shows how art, science, and religion each disclose aspects of reality through personal commitment, and challenges positivist and reductionist accounts by insisting that a full understanding of knowledge and human existence requires acknowledging tacit dimensions, creative judgment, and the irreducible role of values.
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6. The Republic Of Science
Its Political and Economic Theory
An argument that scientific inquiry flourishes when organized as a self-governing community in which individual researchers, guided by intellectual autonomy and judged by their peers, pursue truth through free competition of ideas; it critiques bureaucratic and centrally planned control as inimical to discovery, stresses the importance of tacit personal knowledge and professional judgment, and argues that funding and institutional structures should protect scientists’ independence so science can produce reliable, cumulative progress.