The Myth Of Achievement Tests by James J. Heckman

The GED and the Role of Character in American Life

Challenges the belief that standardized achievement tests fully capture the skills that drive life success, arguing that they measure cognitive ability but overlook essential noncognitive traits like perseverance, self-control, and social skills. Using evidence on holders of high school equivalency certificates, it shows their outcomes often mirror those of dropouts, revealing how character, not just test scores, predicts earnings, education, health, and behavior. It calls for policies and programs—especially in early childhood and schooling—that cultivate and assess these noncognitive skills alongside cognition.

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