In The Shadow Of The Sword by Tom Holland

The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire

A sweeping narrative of Late Antiquity, it traces how the collapse of the Roman and Sasanian empires, coupled with plague, trade shifts, tribal politics, and intense religious competition among Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians, set the stage for the Arab conquests and the emergence of a new faith and empire. Following warriors, rulers, and theologians across the Near East, it shows how power and belief intertwined, and it probes contested sources to argue that early institutions and doctrines were forged within this broader regional ferment rather than in isolation.

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