Problems Of Democratic Transition And Consolidation by Juan J. Linz

Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe

A comparative analysis of how different authoritarian legacies shape the paths and prospects of democratization across Southern Europe, South America, and post-Communist Europe. It proposes a framework for democratic consolidation centered on five arenas—civil society, political society, rule of law, a usable state, and an institutionalized economic sphere—arguing that effective stateness is a prerequisite for durable democracy. Through case studies, it shows how constitutional design, elite pacts, and institutional crafting affect transitions, highlighting the distinction between achieving competitive elections and building a stable, consolidated democratic order.

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