The Year 1000 by Valerie Hansen

When Explorers Connected the World—and Globalization Began

A sweeping history arguing that globalization began around the year 1000, as explorers, merchants, and migrants forged long-distance networks across Afro-Eurasia and even briefly connected to North America. Drawing on archaeological evidence and scattered texts, it traces routes linking Song China, the Islamic world, India, Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Norse Atlantic, following the movement of silver, spices, slaves, beliefs, and technologies. The narrative shows how these connections produced prosperity and upheaval in unequal measure while remaining fragile, contingent, and often violent.

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