The Messiah Before Jesus by Israel Knohl

The Suffering Servant of the Dead Sea Scrolls

Arguing that key elements of a suffering, dying, and rising messiah predate early Christianity, this study reinterprets Dead Sea Scrolls and related late Second Temple texts to reveal traditions about a “Messiah of Ephraim/Joseph.” It proposes that a historical figure executed before the Common Era inspired expectations of atoning death and resurrection after three days. By re-reading Qumran hymns and apocalyptic fragments, it contends that early Christian beliefs emerged within an existing Jewish messianic framework rather than inventing it outright.

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