Card Sorting by Donna Spencer

Designing Usable Categories

A practical guide to using card sorting to shape clear information architectures and navigation, it explains when and why to apply the method, how to plan studies, recruit participants, and run open, closed, and hybrid sorts both in-person and online. It demystifies analysis with advice on reading similarity matrices and dendrograms, synthesizing patterns, and turning insights into site structures. It also addresses common pitfalls, selecting tools, collaborating with stakeholders, and validating outcomes through follow-up techniques such as tree testing.

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