Geometric Morphometrics For Biologists by Miriam Leah Zelditch

A Primer

An accessible, practical introduction to landmark-based geometric morphometrics for biologists, explaining how to collect and align shape data (e.g., Procrustes superimposition), visualize shape change (thin-plate splines), and apply multivariate statistical tools (PCA, regression, MANOVA) to study variation, development, function, and evolution; includes guidance on study design, interpretation, and common applications such as ontogeny, modularity, integration, and phylogenetic comparative analyses.