Many Thousands Gone by Ira Berlin

The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America

An interpretive history tracing the evolution of slavery in North America from its 17th-century Atlantic roots through the antebellum era, showing how laws, labor systems, and regional economies transformed diverse African-born and creole populations into a racialized enslaved class. It emphasizes variations across colonies and states, the creation of slave societies, the formation of African American culture and community, and the myriad forms of resistance and adaptation exercised by enslaved people. By integrating legal records, personal narratives, and economic data, the work reframes slavery as a dynamic, contested process that shaped American social and racial hierarchies.