Dark Continent by Mark Mazower

Europe's Twentieth Century

A sweeping reinterpretation of twentieth-century Europe that argues the continent’s modern trajectory was shaped less by the inevitable triumph of liberal democracy than by mass politics, violence, and authoritarian tendencies; it traces how war, ideological struggles, collaboration and resistance, and pragmatic state-building in the interwar and postwar eras produced welfare systems, centralized bureaucracies, and European integration while leaving deep continuities of coercion, exclusion, and contested sovereignty.

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