Are Yahweh And El Separate Deities In Psalm 82 And Deuteronomy 32? by Michael S. Heiser

The book argues that Psalm 82 and Deuteronomy 32 preserve traces of an older divine-council tradition in which Yahweh and El appear as distinct divine figures. Drawing on close readings of the Hebrew, comparative ancient Near Eastern evidence, and textual-history analysis, it contends these passages reflect remnants of Israel’s polytheistic background and a theological development toward monotheism in which the names El and Yahweh sometimes overlap and sometimes perform different roles. The study examines linguistic, literary, and historical data to show how early Israelite religion negotiated divine plurality and reinterpreted those traditions within evolving theological commitments.