Modern Moral Philosophy by G.E.M. Anscombe

This influential essay argues that much mid-20th-century moral philosophy is misguided because it keeps treating ethics as if it were a system of legalistic rules and obligations detached from a proper account of human flourishing; terms like “moral obligation” and “duty” are often used without the theological or teleological framework that originally gave them sense. It critiques both consequentialist and deontological approaches for ignoring the importance of moral psychology and practical reasoning, and calls for a return to a virtue-centered, Aristotelian understanding of ethics that focuses on character, ends, and the conditions for human well-being.