The Church In The Later Middle Ages by Norman P. Tanner

A concise study of the Western Church in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that examines its institutions, governance, and spiritual life, tracing how papal authority, councils, canon law, religious orders, universities, and popular devotion interacted; it analyzes crises such as the Avignon Papacy and the Great Schism, the rise of conciliar theory, efforts at pastoral and administrative reform, responses to heresy, and intellectual movements like humanism and devotio moderna, arguing that these developments both exposed deep weaknesses and set the stage for later religious change.

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