Spain by Stanley G. Payne

A concise, wide-ranging history that interprets Spain’s political and social development as shaped by a distinctive mix of strong Catholic traditions, regional divisions, and uneven modernization; it traces how these long-term factors produced recurring tensions between liberalism and authoritarianism, culminated in the polarizing politics of the 20th century—including the Civil War and Franco’s regime—and frame the challenges and reforms of Spain’s later democratization and contemporary regional conflicts.

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