The Bloody Shirt by Stephen Budiansky

Terror After Appomattox

A tightly argued narrative history that examines the violent campaign of white-supremacist terrorism and election fraud in the post–Civil War South, showing how paramilitary groups used intimidation, murder and arson to undermine Reconstruction, suppress Black suffrage, and determine contested political outcomes; it traces specific incidents and leaders, analyzes Northern and federal responses (including legal and political failures), and argues that sustained violence—and the political manipulation of Civil War memory—helped end Reconstruction and establish a long era of disenfranchisement and racial oppression.

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