On Some Mental Effects Of The Earthquake by William James

An essay exploring how sudden seismic events throw minds into a range of heightened states — immediate terror, stunned inaction or reckless daring, vivid sensory distortions, and a strong susceptibility to suggestion — and how these reactions often produce apparitions, prophetic dreams, intensified religious feeling, moral exaltation or panic, and altered social behavior; the account treats such responses as transient psychological and physiological effects of shock, fatigue, and collective excitement rather than evidence of supernatural causes.