On Ideology by Louis Althusser

The text argues that ideology is not merely a set of false beliefs but a lived, material system of practices and institutions that reproduces the conditions of production; it introduces the concept of ideological state apparatuses (schools, family, churches, media, etc.) that ‘hail’ individuals and constitute them as subjects who accept existing social relations. Ideology thus functions by giving people an imaginary relation to their real conditions, explaining how domination is maintained through social reproduction rather than just overt coercion, and suggesting that political change requires transforming these institutional and subject-forming processes.

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