Black Rights / White Wrongs by Charles W. Mills

The Critique of Racial Liberalism

The book argues that mainstream liberal rights discourse—grounded in claims of universal, individual equality—has historically excluded and obscured the specific injustices suffered by Black people, allowing racial domination to persist under the guise of neutrality; by examining political theory alongside the lived and institutional realities of slavery, segregation, mass incarceration, and racialized economic inequality, it contends that formal equality and colorblind policies are insufficient. It calls for a rethinking of rights that acknowledges group-differentiated harms and supports corrective measures such as reparations, institutional reform, and truth-telling, while centering Black political thought and experience as crucial to achieving genuine racial justice.