Huevo Del Dragón by Robert L. Forward

A human scientific mission discovers life on the surface of a neutron star and observes an alien species whose metabolism and culture unfold millions of times faster than ours; over a few human days the tiny, intense civilization develops science, technology and social complexity, and human researchers struggle to understand and communicate across the vast difference in timescale while grappling with ethical questions and desperate attempts to respond as stellar forces threaten the aliens’ existence.

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