The 100 Best YA Books of All Time

This is one of the 284 lists we use to generate our main The Greatest Books list.

  • Little Women by Louisa May Alcott

    This classic novel follows the lives of the four March sisters - Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy - as they navigate the challenges and joys of adolescence and adulthood in 19th century New England. As they grow, they grapple with issues of poverty, gender roles, love, and personal identity, each in her own unique way. The story is a testament to the power of family, sisterhood, and female resilience in a time of societal constraints.

  • Anne of Green Gables by L. M. Montgomery

    The book follows the life of a young orphan girl who is mistakenly sent to live with an elderly brother and sister who originally wanted to adopt a boy to help them with their farm in Prince Edward Island. Despite the initial disappointment, the girl's charm, vivacity, and imagination soon win over her new guardians. The story details her adventures and mishaps in her new home, her struggles and triumphs at school, and her gradual maturing into a smart, independent young woman.

  • A Tree Grows in Brooklyn by Betty Smith

    This classic novel follows the life of Francie Nolan, a young girl growing up in the slums of early 20th century Brooklyn. The narrative explores her experiences with poverty, her pursuit of education, and her dreams of a better life. The tree in the title serves as a symbol of her resilience and hope, growing and thriving despite the harsh conditions around it, much like Francie herself.

  • The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank

    This book is a real-life account of a young Jewish girl hiding from the Nazis during World War II, written in diary format. The girl and her family are forced to live in a secret annex in Amsterdam for two years, during which she writes about her experiences, fears, dreams, and the onset of adolescence. The diary provides a poignant and deeply personal insight into the horrors of the Holocaust, making it a powerful testament to the human spirit.

  • The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger

    The novel follows the story of a teenager named Holden Caulfield, who has just been expelled from his prep school. The narrative unfolds over the course of three days, during which Holden experiences various forms of alienation and his mental state continues to unravel. He criticizes the adult world as "phony" and struggles with his own transition into adulthood. The book is a profound exploration of teenage rebellion, alienation, and the loss of innocence.

  • Lord of the Flies by William Golding

    A group of British boys are stranded on an uninhabited island after their plane crashes during wartime. Initially, they attempt to establish order, creating rules and electing a leader. However, as time passes, their civility erodes, and they descend into savagery and chaos. The struggle for power intensifies, leading to violence and death. The novel explores themes of innocence, the inherent evil in mankind, and the thin veneer of civilization.

  • To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

    Set in the racially charged South during the Depression, the novel follows a young girl and her older brother as they navigate their small town's societal norms and prejudices. Their father, a lawyer, is appointed to defend a black man falsely accused of raping a white woman, forcing the children to confront the harsh realities of racism and injustice. The story explores themes of morality, innocence, and the loss of innocence through the eyes of the young protagonists.

  • From The Mixed Up Files Of Mrs Basil E Frankweiler by EL Konigsburg

    In this captivating book, two siblings, Claudia and Jamie, decide to run away from home and live in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. As they explore the museum during the day and hide in the exhibits at night, they stumble upon a mysterious statue that may have been created by the famous sculptor Michelangelo. Determined to solve the statue's origin, Claudia and Jamie embark on an exciting adventure, uncovering secrets and learning valuable lessons about family, art, and self-discovery along the way.

  • A Wizard of Earthsea by Ursula K. Le Guin

    This fantasy novel follows the story of a young boy named Ged who lives in a world of islands called Earthsea. Ged discovers he has a natural talent for magic and is sent to a school for wizards on the island of Roke. As he grows and learns, his arrogance leads him to unleash a shadow creature that he must then spend years trying to defeat. The book explores themes of balance, power, and the danger of hubris, as Ged learns to control his abilities and accept responsibility for his actions.

  • I'll Get There. It Better Be Worth The Trip by John Donovan

    The novel explores the emotional journey of a young boy who, after the death of his grandmother, moves to New York City to live with his estranged mother. Struggling with the complexities of adolescence, the boy forms a deep bond with his pet dachshund and grapples with his emerging sexuality. His friendship with a classmate becomes a source of comfort and confusion, leading to a tragic event that ultimately forces him to confront his identity and the nature of his relationships. The story is a poignant coming-of-age tale that addresses themes of family, friendship, loss, and self-discovery.

  • Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret by Judy Blume

    The book is a coming-of-age story about a sixth-grade girl who is growing up without a religious affiliation, due to her parents' interfaith marriage. The protagonist is in search of a single religion while also confronting typical pre-teen issues such as buying her first bra, having her first period, coping with crushes and the changes that come with growing up. The book explores themes of friendship, religion, love, and self-identity.

  • A Hero Ain’t Nothin’ But A Sandwich by Alice Childress

    The novel explores the life of a 13-year-old African American boy growing up in Harlem who struggles with heroin addiction. His story is told through multiple perspectives, including his own, his family members, and other individuals in his community, each offering their own insights into his circumstances. The narrative delves into themes of poverty, drug abuse, identity, and the complexities of family dynamics, as the protagonist confronts the challenges of his environment and the choices he must make to overcome his addiction and find a sense of self-worth.

  • Forever... by Judy Blume

    This novel follows the story of Katherine, a high school senior, as she navigates her first serious romantic relationship with a boy named Michael. The two fall in love and, after dealing with the complexities of intimacy and the pressures of their peers, they decide to take their relationship to the next level by becoming sexually active. The book explores the emotional and physical aspects of their relationship, the consequences of their decisions, and the reality that first love doesn't always last forever.

  • Tuck Everlasting by Natalie Babbitt

    This novel explores the concept of immortality through the story of a young girl who stumbles upon a family that has inadvertently gained eternal life after drinking from a magical spring. The family, having lived for centuries, shares their experiences and the burdens of their unending existence with the girl, who must then decide whether to keep their secret and live a mortal life or join them in everlasting life. The narrative delves into themes of life, death, and the natural order of things, as the girl grapples with the profound implications of a life without end.

  • Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry by Mildred D. Taylor

    Set in Mississippi during the Great Depression, this novel follows the life of a young African American girl and her family who are struggling to maintain their integrity, pride, and independence in the face of racism and social injustice. The family owns a piece of land which provides them some protection from the harsh realities of racial discrimination. The story is a poignant exploration of how they navigate through a prejudiced society, face social and economic challenges, and fight to keep their land.

  • A Swiftly Tilting Planet by Madeleine L'Engle

    In this science fiction-fantasy novel, the protagonist embarks on a time-traveling quest to prevent a global catastrophe. Guided by a unicorn, the protagonist uses a powerful rune to mentally leap through time and space, inhabiting the lives of different people throughout history who are connected to the present-day threat. As the protagonist influences the actions of these individuals, the narrative weaves a complex tapestry of interconnected events, emphasizing themes of family, love, and the interconnectedness of all things. The story challenges the protagonist to understand the ripple effects of actions across time, ultimately aiming to alter the course of history to save the world from impending doom.

  • The Westing Game by Ellen Raskin

    In this mystery novel, a diverse group of tenants at the Sunset Towers apartment building is drawn into a complex game when the wealthy and eccentric Samuel W. Westing dies and names them as potential heirs to his fortune. The will sets them into pairs and provides cryptic clues leading to the supposed murderer among them, promising the entire estate to whoever solves the puzzle. As the pairs race to unravel the mystery, they uncover secrets about themselves and each other, leading to personal growth and unexpected alliances. The game is afoot with twists and turns, ultimately revealing the true nature of the legacy and the mastermind behind the elaborate ruse.

  • Homecoming by Cynthia Voigt

    The novel follows the journey of four siblings, Dicey, James, Maybeth, and Sammy Tillerman, who are abandoned by their mentally ill mother in a mall parking lot. The eldest, Dicey, takes charge and decides they will travel on foot to find a home with their distant relative in Bridgeport. Throughout their arduous journey, the children face numerous challenges, including scarcity of food, the threat of separation by authorities, and the struggle to stay together as a family. Their resilience, resourcefulness, and the bonds they share are tested as they navigate through the uncertainties and the hope of finding a place where they can belong.

  • The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros

    The book is a collection of interconnected vignettes that detail the experiences of a Latina girl growing up in the Hispanic quarter of Chicago. It explores her struggles with her identity, her desire for a better life, and her experiences with poverty and gender roles. The protagonist's observations and experiences weave a vivid picture of life in a Latinx community, and her dreams of a better future give the narrative a sense of hope and resilience.

  • Weetzie Bat by Francesca Lia Block

    Set in a shimmering, magical version of Los Angeles, the novel follows the life of a quirky and effervescent girl with an unusual name, who navigates the complexities of love, family, and friendship in her search for happiness. She and her best friend create a nontraditional family with a pair of brothers and a secret wish granted by a genie, all while exploring the punk rock scene, grappling with real-world issues, and discovering the transformative power of love in its many forms. The narrative is a blend of fairy-tale whimsy and gritty urban reality, celebrating the joy and heartache of young adulthood.

  • The Giver by Lois Lowry

    The book is set in a seemingly perfect community without war, pain, suffering, differences or choice, where everything is under control. The protagonist is chosen to learn from an elderly man about the true pain and pleasure of the "real" world. He discovers the dark secrets behind his fragile community and struggles to handle the burden of the knowledge of pain and the concept of individuality. He must decide whether to accept the status quo or break free, risking everything.

  • Ella Enchanted by Gail Carson Levine

    In this enchanting twist on the Cinderella fairy tale, a young girl named Ella is cursed with the "gift" of obedience by a well-meaning but misguided fairy. This compulsion forces her to obey any direct command, leading to a life of manipulation and frustration. Determined to reclaim control over her life, Ella embarks on a quest to find the fairy who cursed her and break the spell. Along the way, she encounters ogres, giants, wicked stepsisters, and a charming prince, weaving a story of self-discovery, resilience, and the power of true love. Her journey is not only about breaking the curse but also about finding her voice and the strength to stand up for herself in a world that tries to define her destiny.

  • Holes by Louis Sachar

    This book follows the story of a young boy who is falsely accused of stealing a pair of sneakers and is sent to a juvenile detention center in the middle of a desert. Here, the boys are made to dig holes every day as a form of punishment. As the protagonist digs, he discovers the truth about the warden's obsession with the holes, the mystery of a hidden treasure, and a curse that has been haunting his family for generations. The story is a blend of adventure, mystery, and coming-of-age themes.

  • If You Come Softly by Jacqueline Woodson

    The novel is a poignant exploration of an interracial teenage romance in New York City, where two high school students from different worlds fall deeply in love. Despite the instant connection they feel, they must navigate the complexities of their families' expectations and societal prejudices. As they grow closer, they learn about the power of love and the pain of loss, while confronting the harsh realities of race and identity in contemporary America. Their relationship becomes a testament to the endurance of the human spirit and the impact of societal pressures on personal connections.

  • Angus, Thongs And Full Frontal Snogging by Louise Rennison

    This book is a humorous and candid teenage diary that captures the angst and euphoria of adolescence. The protagonist, a British teen girl, navigates the trials and tribulations of growing up, dealing with her eccentric family, her crush on a boy named Robbie, and the social minefields of high school. With a sharp wit and a flair for the dramatic, she documents her attempts to improve her kissing technique, reduce the size of her nose, and understand the mystifying behavior of the opposite sex, all while wearing her signature pair of leopard-print tights. The diary format offers an intimate glimpse into the protagonist's chaotic and endearing world as she tries to find her place and maybe even a bit of romance.

  • Monster by Walter Dean Myers

    The book is a powerful exploration of the American juvenile justice system through the eyes of a 16-year-old African-American boy who is on trial for his alleged involvement in a robbery-turned-murder. As he faces the possibility of a lengthy prison sentence, the protagonist grapples with his identity, the perceptions of others, and the harsh realities of a system that is quick to label him a monster. The narrative is uniquely presented through a mix of screenplay format and diary entries, offering an introspective and multifaceted look at the protagonist's experiences and the complexities of morality, truth, and humanity within the confines of a legal battle for his future.

  • Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson

    A high school freshman becomes a social outcast after calling the police to break up a summer party and refuses to explain why. As she navigates the challenges of high school, she struggles with a traumatic event from the party that has left her feeling silenced. Throughout the year, she slowly regains her voice and confronts her attacker, ultimately revealing the truth about what happened that night.

  • Stargirl by Jerry Spinelli

    The book is a young adult novel that explores the themes of nonconformity and self-expression through the story of an eccentric and free-spirited girl who calls herself Stargirl. She arrives at Mica High School in Arizona and immediately stands out for her unique behavior and homemade clothes. Her presence challenges the status quo and prompts varying reactions from the other students, ranging from admiration to hostility. As the protagonist captures the attention of the narrator, a boy named Leo, he finds himself drawn to her authenticity and spirit, but also struggles with his desire for social acceptance. The story delves into the impact of individuality on peer relationships and the courage it takes to be true to oneself in the face of conformity.

  • The Princess Diaries by Meg Cabot

    The book follows the life of a teenage girl who discovers that she is the heir to the throne of a small European principality. Navigating the complexities of high school, she must also learn the intricacies of royalty and diplomacy. With the help of her grandmother, the reigning queen, she undergoes a transformation from an awkward adolescent to a confident young woman, all while dealing with the pressures of her newfound status, the media's attention, and the challenges of her personal relationships. Her journey is filled with humor, self-discovery, and the trials and tribulations of growing up.

  • A Step From Heaven by An Na

    This novel follows the life of a young Korean girl who immigrates with her family to the United States in search of a better life. Initially believing America to be a heavenly place, she soon confronts the harsh realities of immigrant life, including language barriers, cultural clashes, and her father's abusive behavior. As she grows up, she struggles to find her identity and voice amidst the challenges of assimilation and family dynamics. The story is a poignant exploration of the immigrant experience, the complexities of family relationships, and the journey towards self-empowerment and resilience.

  • Rainbow Boys by Alex Sanchez

    The book follows the interwoven stories of three high school boys as they navigate the complexities of identity, friendship, and love while coming to terms with their sexuality. Jason is a jock struggling with his attraction to men, Kyle is an out-and-proud gay teen who harbors feelings for Jason, and Nelson is Kyle's flamboyant best friend who is also openly gay and advocates for LGBTQ+ rights. As they each face challenges such as homophobia, self-acceptance, and the risk of HIV, their lives intersect in ways that profoundly impact their journey towards understanding and embracing who they are.

  • The Sisterhood Of The Traveling Pants by Ann Brashares

    The book follows four best friends—Lena, Tibby, Bridget, and Carmen—who discover a pair of jeans that miraculously fits each of them despite their different body types. Dubbed the Traveling Pants, the jeans become a symbol of their friendship and a way to stay connected as they spend their first summer apart. As the pants circulate among the girls, they experience a series of personal growth and life-changing experiences, from first loves to family conflicts. The story is a heartwarming exploration of the bonds of friendship, the pains of growing up, and the belief that a bit of magic can appear in the most unexpected places.

  • Before We Were Free by Julia Alvarez

    This novel tells the story of a young girl growing up in the Dominican Republic during a time of political turmoil. The protagonist and her family experience the fear and uncertainty of living under a dictatorship, as they are constantly surveilled by the government's secret police. Throughout the book, the protagonist navigates her own coming-of-age while also grappling with the larger issues of freedom, oppression, and resistance.

  • Feed by M.T. Anderson

    The book is set in a dystopian future where people have internet connections directly wired into their brains through an implant called the "feed." This technology allows for constant streaming of media, advertising, and on-demand purchasing, which has led to a society obsessed with consumerism and largely devoid of critical thinking. The story follows a teenager and his group of friends as they navigate this superficial world, but things take a turn when he meets a girl who resists the feed's influence. Her perspective challenges him to confront the bleak reality of their lives and the destructive path of their technology-dependent society, leading to a poignant exploration of identity, connection, and resistance in the face of pervasive corporate control.

  • Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi

    This graphic novel is a memoir that provides a personal account of the author's childhood and young adult years in Iran during and after the Islamic revolution. The story portrays the impact of war, political upheaval, and religious extremism on ordinary people, while also exploring themes of identity, resilience, and the power of storytelling. Despite the harsh realities the protagonist faces, the narrative also includes moments of humor and warmth, providing a nuanced view of life in Iran during this tumultuous period.

  • How I Live Now by Meg Rosoff

    A 15-year-old New Yorker is sent to live with her eccentric British cousins on a remote farm in England, where she falls in love with her cousin. Their idyllic summer is shattered when war breaks out and the country falls under martial law. The protagonist must learn to survive in this brutal new world, while also grappling with love, loss, and the complexities of adolescence.

  • Code Talker by Joseph Bruchac

    The book is a historical novel that tells the story of a Navajo man who serves in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. Recruited for his unique linguistic skills, he becomes one of the Code Talkers, a group of Native American soldiers tasked with using their native language to create an unbreakable code for transmitting messages. The narrative follows his experiences of discrimination, the horrors of war, and the crucial role the Code Talkers played in the American military victories in the Pacific Theater, all while exploring themes of cultural identity, bravery, and the complex nature of patriotism.

  • Elsewhere by Gabrielle Zevin

    The novel explores the afterlife through the eyes of fifteen-year-old Liz Hall, who finds herself in a place called Elsewhere after dying in a hit-and-run accident. In this unconventional heaven, people age backward from the point of their death until they become babies again and are sent back to Earth to be reborn. Struggling with her new reality, Liz watches life on Earth moving on without her and must learn to let go of her past and embrace the unique cycle of life in Elsewhere. Along the way, she makes new friends, finds a new purpose, and experiences the complexities of love and loss from a perspective that challenges the living's understanding of death and time.

  • The Book Thief by Markus Zusak

    Set in Nazi Germany during World War II, the novel follows the story of a young girl who finds solace in stealing books and sharing them with others. In the midst of the horrors of war, she forms a bond with a Jewish man her foster parents are hiding in their basement. The story is narrated by Death, offering a unique perspective on the atrocities and small acts of kindness during this period. The girl's love for books becomes a metaphor for resistance against the oppressive regime.

  • Percy Jackson and the Olympians, Book One: Lightning Thief, The by Rick Riordan

    The first book in the series introduces Percy Jackson, a young boy with dyslexia and ADHD, who discovers he's actually a demigod, the son of Poseidon. Percy is sent to Camp Half-Blood, a summer camp for demigods on Long Island, where he learns about his divine ancestry and powers. When Zeus's master lightning bolt is stolen, Percy, along with his friends Annabeth (daughter of Athena) and Grover (a satyr), is tasked with preventing a war among the gods by retrieving the bolt. The trio embarks on a cross-country adventure to confront the thief and restore peace in the divine world.

  • American Born Chinese by Gene Luen Yang

    "American Born Chinese" by Gene Luen Yang is a graphic novel that weaves together three distinct storylines to explore themes of identity, cultural assimilation, and self-acceptance. The book follows the lives of Jin Wang, a Chinese-American boy struggling to fit in at school, the Monkey King, a mythical character striving for acceptance among his peers, and Danny, a white American teenager dealing with his Chinese cousin's visit. Through these interconnected narratives, the book delves into the complexities of being an immigrant and the challenges of navigating multiple cultural identities in America.

  • Copper Sun by Sharon M Draper

    The novel is a poignant tale of a young African girl's harrowing journey through the brutalities of slavery. After being captured from her village, she endures the middle passage and is sold into slavery in the American South. There, she forms a bond with another girl, and together they escape in search of freedom. The story is a testament to the resilience of the human spirit and the enduring hope for a life beyond the chains of enslavement, set against the backdrop of historical events in the 18th century.

  • Tyrell by Coe Booth

    The book follows the story of a fifteen-year-old boy living in a Bronx homeless shelter with his family after losing their apartment. Struggling with the pressures of poverty, an absent father, and a mother who is not providing the support he needs, the protagonist is determined to find a way out of their desperate situation. He sees DJing as his ticket to a better life, but as he becomes entangled in a web of challenging relationships and risky decisions, he must navigate the complexities of adolescence, loyalty, and survival on the unforgiving streets of New York City.

  • Graceling by Kristin Cashore

    "Graceling" is a young adult fantasy novel set in a world where certain individuals are born with special abilities known as "Graces." Katsa, the protagonist, is a Graceling who possesses the ability to kill anyone with her bare hands. She is used as a weapon by her uncle, the king, until she meets Prince Po, another Graceling who challenges everything she knows about herself and her world. Together, they embark on a dangerous journey to uncover a conspiracy that threatens the kingdoms. Along the way, Katsa learns to embrace her Grace and use it for good, rather than as a tool for violence.

  • The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins

    Set in a dystopian future, the novel revolves around a teenager named Katniss Everdeen, who lives in a post-apocalyptic nation where the government, in order to maintain control, forces each of its twelve districts to send a boy and girl to participate in a televised annual event. This event, known as the Hunger Games, is a fight to the death. When Katniss's younger sister is selected to participate, Katniss volunteers to take her place. The book follows her struggle for survival in the cruel game, against the backdrop of a brewing rebellion against the oppressive regime.

  • Ship Breaker by Paolo Bacigalupi

    Set in a dystopian future along the Gulf Coast, the story follows a young scavenger named Nailer who works on the light crew, stripping copper wiring from grounded oil tankers for a living. The world is ravaged by climate change, with rising seas and devastating hurricanes. After a brutal storm, Nailer discovers a luxury clipper ship washed ashore with a wealthy girl barely alive amidst its wreckage. Faced with the decision to strip the ship for its wealth or rescue the girl, Nailer is thrust into a high-stakes adventure that challenges his understanding of loyalty, morality, and his own survival. As he navigates through treacherous waters, both literal and metaphorical, he confronts ruthless enemies and forms unexpected alliances, all while dreaming of a life beyond the squalor and brutality of his current existence.

  • Akata Witch by Nnedi Okorafor

    The novel follows the story of a young albino girl of Nigerian-American descent who discovers her latent magical powers and a connection to a secret, mystical world. Struggling with her identity and the challenges of adolescence, she is thrust into a journey of self-discovery, where she must learn to harness her abilities. Alongside a group of friends with their own unique talents, she navigates a world filled with dangerous creatures and dark adversaries, using her newfound magic to uncover her true destiny and combat the threats that loom over both the physical and supernatural realms.

  • Daughter Of Smoke & Bone by Laini Taylor

    In a world where the boundary between human and myth blurs, a blue-haired art student in Prague discovers her mysterious past and connection to a war-torn realm inhabited by angels and beasts. As she navigates her life between art school and errands for her chimeric guardian, she uncovers secrets about her identity and a star-crossed love that transcends worlds and species. Her journey reveals the complexities of family, love, and the devastating consequences of old enmities, ultimately leading her to confront her destiny in a battle that could reshape the boundaries of her world and all others.

  • Legend by Marie Lu

    Set in a dystopian future where the United States has fractured into warring nations, the story follows two teenagers from radically different backgrounds. One is a notorious criminal, known for his intelligence and ability to elude capture, while the other is a prodigious student and soldier, working for the government in hopes of avenging her brother's death. Their paths cross when the soldier is tasked with hunting down the criminal, leading to a cat-and-mouse game that unveils a web of lies and corruption. As they learn more about each other and the dark secrets of their society, they must decide where their loyalties lie and what they're willing to fight for.

  • Aristotle And Dante Discover The Secrets Of The Universe by Benjamin Alire Sáenz

    In this coming-of-age novel, two Mexican-American teenagers, Aristotle and Dante, form an unlikely friendship during the summer of 1987. As they navigate their way through adolescence, they uncover the complexities of their identities, family dynamics, and the world around them. Through their shared experiences, they discover the power of love, self-acceptance, and the profound mysteries that the universe holds.

  • Code Name Verity by Elizabeth Wein

    "Code Name Verity" is a gripping historical fiction novel set during World War II. The story follows two best friends, a British spy and a pilot, as they navigate the dangerous world of espionage and warfare. When their plane crashes in Nazi-occupied France, their friendship and loyalty are tested as they face interrogation, betrayal, and the harsh realities of war. Through alternating perspectives and a complex web of secrets, the book explores themes of bravery, sacrifice, and the enduring power of friendship.

  • Every Day by David Levithan

    The novel follows the unique life of "A," a mysterious being who wakes up each day in a different body, living as that person for 24 hours. With no control over whose life they will inhabit next, "A" has learned to follow certain rules to avoid disrupting the lives of the individuals they temporarily become. However, everything changes when "A" falls in love with a girl named Rhiannon while occupying the body of her boyfriend. This newfound connection challenges "A" to seek a way to be with Rhiannon despite the ever-changing physical identity, leading to a poignant exploration of love, identity, and the human experience.

  • Me And Earl And The Dying Girl by Jesse Andrews

    The book is a candid and often humorous tale of an awkward high school senior whose mother forces him to befriend a classmate recently diagnosed with leukemia. As he and his co-filmmaker friend Earl embark on the project of making a film for the sick girl, the protagonist confronts the complexities of friendship, mortality, and the struggle to make a meaningful connection. Through the process, he grapples with his own insecurities and learns about the impact of genuine human relationships in the face of tragedy.

  • The Fault in Our Stars by John Green

    This novel follows the poignant journey of two teenagers, both cancer patients, who meet in a support group and fall in love. Their shared experiences and unique outlook on life and death bring them closer together, and they embark on a trip to Amsterdam to meet a reclusive author they both admire. Through their journey, they explore the harsh realities of living with a terminal illness while also experiencing the beautiful and tragic aspects of first love.

  • If You Could Be Mine by Sara Farizan

    The novel explores the emotional turmoil of a young Iranian girl who is in love with her best friend, another girl, in a country where their love is forbidden. Facing the harsh realities of a society that criminalizes homosexuality, she considers undergoing gender reassignment surgery, which is legal in Iran, as a desperate attempt to be with her beloved openly. The story delves into themes of identity, sacrifice, and the lengths one might go to for love, set against the backdrop of contemporary Tehran's complex socio-political landscape.

  • March: Book One by John Lewis

    "March: Book One" is a graphic novel that depicts the early life of a key figure in the American civil rights movement. Raised in rural Alabama, he grows up inspired by the activism surrounding the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the words of Martin Luther King Jr., which sets him on the path of nonviolent protest. The novel highlights his commitment to the fight for equal rights and his journey from a young boy on a farm to one of the key figures in the civil rights movement.

  • Brown Girl Dreaming by Jacqueline Woodson

    This is a poignant memoir written in verse, detailing the author's childhood as an African-American growing up in the 1960s and 1970s, split between South Carolina and New York. The narrative explores her experiences with segregation, her growing awareness of the civil rights movement, her deep love for storytelling and her gradual understanding of her own identity as a writer. The book provides a powerful portrayal of a girl finding her voice in a time of social and political unrest.

  • I'll Give You The Sun by Jandy Nelson

    The novel is a poignant exploration of love, art, and reconciliation, told through the alternating perspectives of twins Noah and Jude. In their early teens, the siblings are inseparable, both talented artists in their own right. However, as they navigate the trials of adolescence, a series of tragic events and misunderstandings drive a wedge between them. The narrative weaves back and forth in time, revealing the deep secrets and personal struggles that have shaped their lives. As they grapple with loss, betrayal, and the complexities of family dynamics, the twins must learn to understand each other and themselves, ultimately finding a way to heal and rebuild their fractured relationship.

  • Noggin by John Corey Whaley

    The book follows a teenage boy who, after dying from a terminal illness, has his head cryogenically frozen and then reawakened five years later when it is attached to a donor body. As he navigates the complexities of his second chance at life, he struggles with the drastic changes in his relationships, the world around him, and his own identity. His return challenges not only his own sense of self but also the perceptions and emotional landscapes of those he left behind, leading to a poignant exploration of love, loss, and what it truly means to be alive.

  • The Crossover by Kwame Alexander

    "The Crossover" is a heartfelt and poetic novel that follows the journey of a talented young basketball player named Josh Bell. Set in a world of sports and sibling rivalry, Josh faces challenges both on and off the court as he navigates the complexities of family, friendship, and first love. Through Alexander's lyrical writing style, readers are taken on an emotional rollercoaster that explores themes of identity, loss, and the power of perseverance.

  • To All The Boys I've Loved Before by Jenny Han

    The novel centers around Lara Jean Song Covey, a high school junior who has written secret love letters to all of her past crushes, never intending to send them. However, her life turns upside down when the letters are mysteriously mailed out, causing her to confront her feelings and the repercussions of her past affections. In a desperate attempt to save face and avoid confrontation with one of her crushes, she enters into a fake relationship with another, which leads to a journey of self-discovery and the realization that sometimes love can be found in the most unexpected places.

  • An Ember In The Ashes by Sabaa Tahir

    In a brutal, Rome-like fantasy world, a young Scholar girl named Laia goes on a dangerous mission to save her brother from the clutches of the oppressive Martial Empire. To do so, she infiltrates the Empire's premier military academy as a slave, where she meets Elias, one of the academy's finest soldiers, who is secretly as eager to escape the tyranny and corruption of the military as she is. Their fates become intertwined as they both seek freedom and justice, navigating a world rife with violence, betrayal, and dark magic. The story is a gripping tale of resistance, survival, and the quest for personal redemption.

  • Dumplin' by Julie Murphy

    The book centers around a plus-sized teenager who, despite societal expectations, has always been confident in her own skin. Her self-assuredness is challenged when she develops a crush on a private school boy and her former beauty queen mother's pageant season rolls around. In an act of defiance and to prove a point about being comfortable in one's own body, she decides to enter the local beauty pageant, sparking a small revolution in her Texas town. Along the way, she confronts her own insecurities, makes new friends who challenge the status quo, and embarks on a journey of self-discovery and empowerment.

  • Everything, Everything by Nicola Yoon

    The novel centers around a teenage girl who has spent her entire life confined to her home due to a rare disease that makes her allergic to virtually everything. Her world is small and meticulously controlled until a new family moves in next door, and she begins a complicated romance with the teenage boy who becomes her window to the outside world. As their relationship deepens, she becomes willing to risk everything to experience life and love, leading to revelations that will change her understanding of the illness that has defined her existence. The story is a poignant exploration of the desire for connection and the lengths we go to for the people we care about.

  • March: Book Two by John Lewis

    This graphic novel continues the memoir of a prominent civil rights leader, chronicling his commitment to nonviolent protest in the fight for racial equality in the United States. It delves into his personal experiences during the early 1960s, including his participation in the Freedom Rides, the historic 1963 March on Washington, and his leadership in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. The narrative captures the intensity of the movement, the confrontations with segregationist forces, and the internal struggles within the civil rights organizations, all set against the backdrop of the growing civil rights movement and the push for legislation that would eventually lead to the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

  • More Happy Than Not by Adam Silvera

    The book follows the emotional journey of a teenage boy in the Bronx who, after a series of traumatic events, grapples with his identity, his relationships, and his own happiness. Struggling with the aftermath of his father's suicide and his own complex feelings for his male best friend, he considers an innovative memory-alteration procedure to straighten out his life. As he confronts his inner turmoil and the socio-economic challenges of his neighborhood, the narrative explores themes of memory, identity, and the pursuit of happiness, ultimately questioning whether it is possible to change one's past or if one must learn to accept it.

  • Simon Vs. The Homo Sapiens Agenda by Becky Albertalli

    The book centers around a high school junior named Simon who is not openly gay and prefers to save his drama for the school musical. However, when an email falls into the wrong hands, his secret is at risk of being thrust into the spotlight. Now, Simon is being blackmailed, and he must step out of his comfort zone before he's outed against his will or worse, the privacy of Blue, the pen name of the boy he's been emailing, will be compromised. As he navigates through friendship, blackmail, and the prospect of love, Simon must find a way to be true to himself while also trying to decode the identity of the anonymous classmate he has fallen for online.

  • Six Of Crows by Leigh Bardugo

    In a gritty and dangerous city, a notorious gang leader named Kaz Brekker is offered a life-changing heist that could make him unimaginably rich. He assembles a team of skilled outcasts, each with their own unique talents, to pull off an impossible mission. As they navigate through treacherous streets and face deadly enemies, the group must rely on their wits and trust each other to survive. Along the way, secrets are revealed, loyalties are tested, and unexpected alliances are formed, all while the fate of their world hangs in the balance.

  • Salt To The Sea by Ruta Sepetys

    The novel is a poignant historical fiction set during World War II, which follows the intertwining fates of four young people from different nations and backgrounds as they desperately flee the advancing Soviet army in East Prussia. Their paths converge en route to the ill-fated Wilhelm Gustloff, a German evacuation ship that promises salvation from the encroaching war. The narrative, rich in detail and emotion, explores themes of guilt, redemption, and survival, while bringing to light one of the most tragic and little-known maritime disasters in history. Through their harrowing journey, the characters confront the brutal realities of war and the impact of their choices amidst a world torn apart by conflict.

  • Scythe by Neal Shusterman

    In a future where humanity has conquered death and the world is governed by an advanced AI, the population must be controlled by Scythes—individuals entrusted with the power to take life. Two teenagers are chosen as apprentice Scythes and must learn the art of killing, but as they delve into their grim responsibilities, they uncover the corruption within the Scythedom. As they grapple with the morality of their roles and the political machinations of their superiors, they must decide what kind of Scythes they will become and how they will shape the future of their utopian society.

  • The Sun Is Also A Star by Nicola Yoon

    The book is a young adult romance that explores themes of fate, love, and the interconnectedness of lives. It follows Natasha, a Jamaican-American girl who is trying to prevent her family's deportation from the United States, and Daniel, a Korean-American boy who is struggling with his parents' expectations for him to become a doctor. Over the course of a single day in New York City, their paths cross in a serendipitous encounter, leading them to spend the day together. As they share their dreams, fears, and stories, they develop a deep connection that challenges their beliefs about destiny and the power of their choices amidst the ticking clock of Natasha's impending deportation.

  • We Are The Ants by Shaun David Hutchinson

    The novel centers around a teenage boy who is grappling with the grief of his boyfriend's suicide and the turmoil of high school life, while also dealing with the extraordinary burden of being periodically abducted by aliens. These extraterrestrials have given him the monumental task of deciding whether to save humanity by pressing a button. As he navigates his relationships with his family, potential new love interests, and bullies, he must weigh the suffering and beauty of the world to determine if it's worth saving, all while questioning the implications of his choice and the value of existence itself.

  • When The Moon Was Ours by Anna-Marie McLemore

    This novel weaves a tale of love and magic as it follows two characters: a girl with roses growing from her wrist and a boy who paints moons and hides his own secrets. Their deep bond is threatened when their small town becomes engulfed in rumors and the girl's mysterious past begins to surface. As they struggle to protect each other's secrets and navigate their feelings, they must confront questions of identity, family, and the courage it takes to be their true selves. The story is a lyrical exploration of love, friendship, and the acceptance of one's uniqueness, set against a backdrop of magical realism.

  • Allegedly by Tiffany D. Jackson

    The book centers on a teenage girl with a traumatic past, who was convicted of a heinous crime at a very young age—the murder of a baby. Now living in a group home and dealing with the complex dynamics within, she struggles with the weight of her past and the challenges of her present. As she contends with a society quick to label her as irredeemable, she seeks to uncover the truth and fight for a future that seems increasingly out of reach. Her journey is one of resilience and the quest for redemption, as she navigates a system that is often more interested in judgment than justice.

  • American Street by Ibi Zoboi

    The novel follows the story of a young Haitian girl who immigrates to Detroit, Michigan, with the hope of a new life and the American Dream, only to be confronted with the harsh realities of immigration and the struggles of adapting to life in America. Upon arrival, she is forced to live with her American cousins and navigate a world of culture clash, while dealing with the absence of her mother, who is detained by immigration authorities. The protagonist grapples with the challenges of fitting in, understanding her identity, and facing the gritty truths of her new neighborhood, all while holding onto her dreams and the spirit of her Haitian heritage.

  • Dear Martin by Nic Stone

    The book follows the story of a bright African American teen who, after experiencing a traumatic encounter with racial profiling and police brutality, seeks guidance through a series of journal entries addressed to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. As he navigates the complexities of contemporary race relations, he attempts to understand what it means to live as a black man in today's America, striving to hold onto Dr. King's teachings amidst the pressures and prejudices of modern society. His journey is one of self-discovery, social critique, and the search for identity within a world still grappling with the deep-seated issues of racial inequality.

  • I Am Not Your Perfect Mexican Daughter by Erika L. Sánchez

    The novel explores the complex life of a young Mexican-American girl who grapples with her identity and familial expectations following the tragic death of her seemingly perfect sister. As she delves into her sister's secrets, she uncovers truths that shatter her understanding of her family and heritage. The protagonist's journey is one of self-discovery and resilience, as she confronts issues of mental health, cultural norms, and the pressures of growing up in an immigrant family while trying to find her own path in life. Her story is a poignant reflection on the challenges of adolescence, the immigrant experience, and the pursuit of individuality amidst the weight of tradition and obligation.

  • Long Way Down by Jason Reynolds

    In this gripping and thought-provoking novel, a young African American teenager named Will faces a life-altering decision after his older brother is shot and killed. Set in an elevator, the story unfolds over the course of sixty seconds as Will descends to the ground floor, contemplating whether to seek revenge on his brother's murderer. Along the way, he encounters a series of individuals who challenge his perspective on violence, justice, and the cycle of retribution. With powerful prose and a raw emotional intensity, the book explores themes of grief, systemic racism, and the complexities of personal choices.

  • The 57 Bus by Dashka Slater

    This non-fiction book tells the true story of two teenagers from Oakland, California, whose lives intersect on a city bus. One, a black teen from a rough neighborhood, and the other, a genderqueer white teen from a middle-class background, are brought together by a reckless, tragic act of violence. The book explores themes of gender, race, and justice as it delves into the circumstances that led to the incident, the aftermath of the crime, and the complex personal and societal factors that shape the lives of the individuals involved. Through meticulous reporting and compassionate storytelling, the narrative examines the consequences of the event for both families and the community at large, challenging readers to consider the nuances of empathy and forgiveness.

  • The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas

    The novel follows the story of a teenage girl who witnesses the fatal shooting of her childhood best friend at the hands of a police officer. Living in a poor neighborhood but attending a predominantly white, wealthy private school, she must navigate the dichotomy of these two very different worlds while grappling with the trauma of her friend's death. As she becomes more involved in activism and advocacy, she must confront the reality of racism, police brutality, and societal injustice.

  • The Marrow Thieves by Cherie Dimaline

    In a dystopian future where people have lost the ability to dream, leading to widespread madness, Indigenous people in North America are hunted for their bone marrow, which holds the cure for the rest of the world's dreamlessness. The story follows a young Indigenous boy and his companions as they navigate this perilous landscape, struggling to survive against the government "recruiters" who seek to harvest their marrow. As they journey through the ravaged lands, they must rely on their wits, their cultural heritage, and each other to retain their humanity against a society that seeks to take everything from them, including their dreams.

  • We Are Okay by Nina LaCour

    This poignant young adult novel delves into the depths of grief, solitude, and the healing power of human connection. It follows a college freshman who, after experiencing a family tragedy, isolates herself from her previous life and struggles with the weight of her loss. During a winter break spent alone in her dorm, she confronts her painful past when her estranged best friend visits, forcing her to open up about her secrets and the profound loneliness she has been carrying. Through their reunion, the protagonist begins to navigate the complex process of recovery and the importance of allowing love and friendship to help heal her emotional wounds.

  • When Dimple Met Rishi by Sandhya Menon

    The book is a heartwarming tale of two Indian-American teenagers whose parents conspire to arrange their marriage. Dimple Shah, who has her sights set on a career in web development, is less than thrilled when she meets Rishi Patel, a hopeless romantic who respects his heritage and relishes the idea of an arranged marriage. Their initial encounter is anything but auspicious, but as they navigate a summer program for aspiring web developers, their shared culture and experiences draw them closer. Through a series of humorous and touching moments, the story explores themes of identity, family expectations, and personal dreams, ultimately examining whether two seemingly incompatible individuals can find love on their own terms.

  • A Very Large Expanse Of Sea by Tahereh Mafi

    The novel is set in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks and follows a sixteen-year-old Muslim girl who faces daily racism and Islamophobia in her high school. As she navigates the turbulent waters of adolescence, she also pursues her passion for breakdancing, a hobby that serves as both a creative outlet and a form of defiance against those who seek to put her in a box. Her life takes an unexpected turn when she meets a boy who genuinely seems to see her for who she is, leading to a complicated romance that challenges both their preconceptions and the prejudices of those around them. Through her journey, the protagonist grapples with the desire to be understood and the need to remain true to herself in a world that often demands conformity.

  • Children Of Blood And Bone by Tomi Adeyemi

    In a world where magic has been suppressed and the maji people have been oppressed, Zélie, a young maji girl, embarks on a dangerous quest to restore magic and bring justice to her people. Alongside her brother and a rogue princess, Zélie must confront her own powers and face formidable enemies, navigating a treacherous landscape of betrayal and sacrifice. As they race against time, Zélie discovers that she may hold the key to not only saving her people, but also to changing the destiny of their entire nation.

  • Darius The Great Is Not Okay by Adib Khorram

    The book follows Darius Kellner, a half-Persian teenager living in America who struggles with clinical depression and feels disconnected from his heritage. When his family travels to Iran to visit his ailing grandfather, Darius grapples with the complexities of identity, belonging, and friendship. In Iran, he forms a bond with Sohrab, a boy who helps him understand the value of true connection and the importance of embracing his cultural roots. Through this transformative journey, Darius confronts his internal battles and learns to navigate the intricate landscape of family expectations, mental health, and self-acceptance.

  • The Astonishing Color Of After by Emily X.R. Pan

    In this poignant and magical novel, a grieving teenager grapples with the sudden loss of her mother to suicide, believing her mother has returned as a bird. She embarks on a journey to Taiwan to meet her maternal grandparents for the first time, seeking connections to her mother's past and her own cultural heritage. Through a blend of reality and fantastical elements, she uncovers family secrets, explores her identity, and navigates the complexities of mental illness, love, and forgiveness. The narrative weaves a tapestry of emotion and color, as the protagonist seeks to understand her mother's life and find peace in the wake of tragedy.

  • The Poet X by Elizabeth Acevedo

    "The Poet X" is a coming-of-age novel that follows the journey of a young girl named Xiomara, who uses poetry as an outlet to navigate her complex life. Set in Harlem, Xiomara grapples with her strict Dominican parents, her evolving understanding of her own identity, and her burgeoning relationship with a boy named Aman. Through her powerful and honest poetry, Xiomara finds her voice, confronts societal expectations, and discovers the strength to define herself on her own terms.

  • Frankly In Love by David Yoon

    The book centers around a high school senior of Korean-American descent who struggles with the expectations of his traditional parents and his own Southern California upbringing. Caught between his parents' desire for him to date a Korean girl and his own romantic interest in a non-Korean classmate, he embarks on a fake relationship with a family friend facing similar pressures. This arrangement, meant to appease their parents, leads to a complex journey of self-discovery, as he navigates the challenges of identity, love, and friendship in a multicultural landscape.

  • Laura Dean Keeps Breaking Up With Me by Mariko Tamaki, illustrated Rosemary Valero-O’Connell

    The graphic novel centers around a high school student named Freddy who is grappling with her tumultuous relationship with the charismatic Laura Dean. Despite Laura's repeated infidelities and breakups, Freddy finds herself drawn back to Laura time and again. As Freddy navigates the complexities of love, friendship, and self-discovery, she begins to understand the importance of healthy relationships and self-respect. With the help of her friends, particularly her best friend Doodle, Freddy learns to set boundaries and recognize her own worth, ultimately confronting the cycle of toxic behavior and seeking a path toward personal growth and fulfillment.

  • Like A Love Story by Abdi Nazemian

    Set against the backdrop of the 1980s AIDS crisis in New York City, the novel is a poignant tale of friendship, love, and activism. It follows the lives of three teenagers: an Iranian boy grappling with his sexual identity, a girl with aspirations of becoming a fashion designer, and a gay teen living with HIV. Together, they navigate the complexities of growing up and the harsh realities of the epidemic, finding solace and strength in their bond. As they become involved in the fight for justice and acceptance, the story beautifully captures the era's fear and prejudice, as well as the courage and resilience of the LGBTQ+ community.

  • Pet by Akwaeke Emezi

    The book unfolds in a society that believes it has eradicated all monsters, but when a creature named Pet emerges from a painting, a young girl named Jam learns that monsters still exist. Pet has come to hunt a monster hiding in plain sight, and Jam must confront the reality that not all dangers are as visible as they seem. As Jam navigates this revelation with Pet's guidance, she embarks on a quest to protect her best friend and uncover the truth in a world that prefers to deny the existence of such horrors. The story challenges the concepts of good and evil and the complacency that can arise in a community that believes it has overcome its darkest elements.

  • With The Fire On High by Elizabeth Acevedo

    The novel follows the journey of a high school senior with a talent for cooking and a dream of working in the culinary arts. As a teen mother, she faces numerous challenges, balancing the demands of school, her daughter's needs, and her job, all while striving to achieve her aspirations. Her passion for food is both an escape and a means of expression, and she must navigate the complexities of love, family expectations, and her own identity. The protagonist's determination and creativity in the kitchen become a metaphor for her resilience and drive to forge a path for herself and her child.

  • The Black Flamingo by Dean Atta

    This novel is a bold and lyrical coming-of-age story that follows the life of a mixed-race gay teenager as he grapples with his identity and finds his voice through the art of drag performance. Told in verse, the narrative captures the protagonist's journey from a young boy struggling with the complexities of race, masculinity, and sexuality to a confident performer who embraces his uniqueness. The protagonist's transformation into the Black Flamingo becomes a powerful metaphor for self-discovery and self-acceptance, offering an inspiring message about the importance of being true to oneself.

  • Felix Ever After by Kacen Callender

    The novel follows the journey of Felix Love, a transgender teen grappling with identity and the desire for love. Despite his name, Felix has never been in love and fears that his marginalization as a Black, queer, and transgender individual makes him one too many steps removed from the happily-ever-after he craves. His quest for self-discovery and acceptance takes a turn when he begins receiving transphobic messages after someone publicly posts his deadname and pre-transition photos at school. In a bid to get revenge, Felix lands in a complicated love triangle, but the experience leads him down a path of introspection, challenging his perceptions of relationships and what it means to love himself fully.

  • Stamped by Jason Reynolds, Ibram X. Kendi

    This book offers a gripping exploration of the history of racist ideas in America, tracing their origins and evolution over time. It challenges the conventional narrative by examining the role of influential figures and pivotal moments that have contributed to the perpetuation and dissemination of these ideas. Aimed at a younger audience, the text presents a thought-provoking and accessible account of the insidious nature of racism, encouraging readers to reflect on their own beliefs and the societal structures that uphold racial inequities. Through a powerful and engaging narrative, the book seeks to empower readers with knowledge and the impetus to be part of the solution in creating a more just society.

  • The Henna Wars by Adiba Jaigirdar

    The book follows a Bangladeshi-Irish teenager as she navigates the complexities of her identity, culture, and sexuality in contemporary Dublin. When her school organizes a business competition, she decides to start a henna business, only to face rivalry from another student with a similar idea. As the competition intensifies, so do her feelings for her competitor, leading to a poignant exploration of love, family expectations, and the courage to be true to oneself amidst the challenges of racism and homophobia. The protagonist's journey is a heartfelt tale of self-discovery and the struggle to honor one's heritage while forging a unique path forward.

  • We Are Not Free by Traci Chee

    The book is a poignant and powerful exploration of the lives of a tight-knit group of young Nisei, second-generation Japanese American citizens, whose world is irrevocably changed by the events of World War II. Through a series of interconnected stories, the narrative delves into the experiences of these teenagers as they are uprooted from their homes and forced into internment camps by the U.S. government. The novel examines themes of identity, resilience, and the meaning of freedom as the characters navigate prejudice, injustice, and the challenges of growing up under the shadow of incarceration, all while maintaining the bonds of friendship and community that sustain them.

  • You Should See Me In A Crown by Leah Johnson

    The book follows the story of Liz Lighty, a high school senior who feels out of place in her small, prom-obsessed Midwestern town. With dreams of attending a prestigious college and becoming a doctor, Liz's plans are derailed when her financial aid falls through. In a desperate bid to secure a scholarship, she enters the race for prom queen, a competition steeped in tradition and popularity contests that she has always despised. As Liz navigates the cutthroat world of high school politics, she also embarks on a journey of self-discovery, finding new friendships, embracing her identity, and experiencing her first love, all while challenging the norms of her community and learning to shine as her authentic self.

  • Firekeeper's Daughter by Angeline Boulley

    The book revolves around an eighteen-year-old biracial, unenrolled tribal member who witnesses a shocking murder and is subsequently drawn into an FBI investigation of a lethal new drug. As she secretly collaborates with the investigation, using her knowledge of chemistry and traditional Ojibwe medicine, she must confront her own past and identity, navigating the tightrope between the demands of two very different communities. Her journey is one of courage and resilience, as she seeks justice for her community while grappling with complex issues of identity, family, and loyalty.

About this list

Time, 100 Books

With a panel of celebrated authors—Elizabeth Acevedo, Kacen Callender, Jenny Han, Jason Reynolds, Adam Silvera, Angie Thomas and Nicola Yoon—TIME presents the most compelling, enlightening and influential young-adult books, in chronological order beginning in the 1800s.

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