Pope Pius IX

Pope Pius IX (born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Papal States from 1846 to 1878. He was the longest-reigning elected pope, convened the First Vatican Council (which defined papal infallibility), issued the Syllabus of Errors (1864), and opposed aspects of Italian unification, including the loss of most Papal States.

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