Christ Among The Messiahs by Matthew V. Novenson

Christ Language in Paul and Messiah Language in Ancient Judaism

This study argues that Paul’s use of “Christos” functions as a messianic title rather than a mere proper name and situates his language firmly within the diverse messiah discourse of Second Temple Judaism. Through close philological and historical analysis of Jewish and Greco-Roman sources, it shows how honorific naming practices, scriptural interpretation, and communal worship inform phrases like “in Christ” and other Pauline constructions. Challenging de-messianizing readings of Paul, it portrays early assemblies as messianic communities centered on Jesus as Israel’s anointed ruler while highlighting the plurality of messiah ideas in antiquity.

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