Russia Under The Old Regime by Richard Pipes

A sweeping examination of Russia’s political and social structures before 1917 that argues centuries of centralized autocratic rule, entrenched serfdom, and a dominant bureaucratic and clerical elite produced a coercive and stagnant society. It traces how the Orthodox Church, privileged nobility, and punitive legal and administrative practices reinforced state power while suppressing private initiative and civic institutions, leaving peasants and urban classes politically marginalized. The book connects these institutional and cultural patterns to Russia’s economic underdevelopment and its susceptibility to revolutionary upheaval.

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