A forceful 19th-century papal statement that condemns what it identifies as modern errors—such as secularism, religious indifferentism, rationalism, liberalism, separation of church and state, freedom of the press and public instruction divorced from religious influence, and the confiscation or diminution of ecclesiastical authority—and defends the Church’s teaching authority and traditional social order; it is accompanied by a numbered syllabus enumerating specific propositions judged erroneous and contrary to Catholic doctrine.