über Gewißheit by Ludwig Wittgenstein

A collection of philosophical reflections arguing that many of our most basic convictions function as ‘hinges’ for thought and action: they are background certainties embedded in forms of life and language-games rather than beliefs that can be justified or doubted in the ordinary evidential way. The notes challenge traditional foundationalist responses to skepticism by treating these propositions as grammatical rules or practices that make empirical inquiry possible, show how doubt is context-sensitive, and emphasize the pragmatic role of certainty in shaping when and how evidence or questioning are appropriate. The overall move reframes epistemology from seeking indubitable foundations to describing the ordinary mores and uses that sustain our claims to knowledge.