What Is Natural? by Jan Sapp

A concise historical and philosophical investigation of how the label “natural” has been defined, contested and mobilized across biology, medicine and public life; the author traces shifting scientific and cultural meanings from early natural history through modern debates over GMOs, vaccines, antibiotics and the microbiome, showing that appeals to naturalness are often value-laden, ambiguous and politically charged, and argues for a nuanced, historically informed approach that recognizes the complex interplay of science, ethics and culture while cautioning against simplistic natural/unnatural dichotomies in policy and practice.

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