Mind And World by John McDowell

It argues that perceptual experience is essentially conceptual and so cannot serve as a non-inferential ‘given’ to ground empirical knowledge; instead, human beings acquire conceptual capacities as a kind of second nature that makes perception responsive to the world and allows perceptual states to justify empirical claims. Against Humean and reductive naturalist readings, it defends a philosophical naturalism that preserves normativity and the space of reasons, showing how thought and perception interlock to make objectivity and rational assessment possible.

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