"Raw Data" Is An Oxymoron by Lisa Gitelman

Argues that the idea of "raw data" is a myth: data are produced and made meaningful through historical, technical, institutional, and rhetorical processes—formats, metadata, collection practices, and the labor of archivists and publishers all shape what data are and how they circulate. Traces the genealogy of data across media and infrastructures to show how conventions, business and government needs, and interpretive decisions give data their form and authority. Highlights the consequences for scholarship, policy, and everyday knowledge by urging attention to the contingent, constructed nature of data rather than assuming objectivity or neutrality.