Setting Aside All Authority by Christopher M. Graney

Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo

Reexamines the seventeenth-century debate over Earth’s motion through Giovanni Battista Riccioli’s empirical critiques of heliocentrism, translating and analyzing his arguments based on telescopic observations, stellar sizes, and projectile physics. It shows why a geo-heliocentric model could seem more consistent with the data of the time, complicates the familiar conflict narrative, and illuminates how scientists weigh evidence and uncertainty before decisive discoveries emerge.

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