The Religion Of Java by Clifford Geertz

An ethnographic portrait of mid-20th-century Javanese religious life, tracing how three intertwined cultural streams—abangan (folk-syncretic), santri (orthodox-reformist Islam), and priyayi (Hindu-Buddhist–tinged aristocratic ethos)—shape everyday rituals such as the slametan, relations with spirits and healers, mosque and pesantren practice, and patterns of status and power. Through close observation in a single town, it shows how belief and social structure reinforce one another and how colonial legacies, economic change, and nationalism were reshaping identities and communal solidarities.

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