Histories Of Scientific Observation by Lorraine Daston

A concise history of how scientists have observed, recorded, and trusted phenomena from the early modern period to the twentieth century, tracing changes in instruments, training, note-taking, visualization, and ideals of objectivity. Through case studies spanning natural history, astronomy, medicine, and laboratory research, it shows how observers were shaped by protocols and institutions, how evidence was stabilized and circulated, and how observation mediated between sensory experience and theory. It emphasizes observation as collective labor shaped by technologies like the telescope, microscope, photography, and statistics, and explores enduring tensions between seeing and knowing.