Two Dogmas Of Empiricism by Willard Van Orman Quine

This influential essay attacks the assumed analytic–synthetic distinction and the related idea that each meaningful statement can be justified by direct appeal to observation; it shows that attempts to define ‘analytic’ in terms of synonymy or meaning are circular and that individual statements are not tested in isolation but as part of an interconnected web of belief whose boundary between empirical and purely linguistic claims is indeterminate, leading to a holistic, naturalistic view of how our statements are confirmed by experience.